S99 




/ 



The 
Consumer 
Viewpoint 



covering vital phases of 

manufacturing and selling 

household devices 



/'/ 



/^ ^ 



by Mildred Maddocks, Director 

Good Housekeeping Institute 
Department of Household Engineering 



Copyright 1920 
Good Housekeeping Institute 






MAR 24 192! 



Printed in U. S. A. 

O)Ci,AB0S807 



It has been Good Housekeeping's privi- 
lege to build up, as a source for reader 
service, many departments that are unique 
and noteworthy in the extent to which 
they have gone in measuring consumer 
needs and consumer viewpoint. 

In the following pages are presented 
some observations made by one of these 
departments as the result of years of re- 
search and investigation in the field of 
household appliances. 

Generally speaking, most man-made 
devices are man-used. Here is an indus- 
try whose products are man-made, but 
woman-used. It is this fundamental con- 
dition that has placed the merchandising 
and selling problems of the industry ab- 
solutely in a class by themselves and has 
made them of peculiar importance and 
significance. 

It is hoped that the material given 
herein may be of real service to those 
whose interest lies in knowing more about 
one of our most rapidly growing and least 
understood industries and also to those 
who would better understand the basic 
element in all manufacturing and selling. 

C. Henry Hathaway 



Foreword 

The manufacture of home devices to 
be used by women in household work is 
of comparatively recent development, the 
growth of the industry has been so rapid 
that many manufacturers are still groping 
to establish standards that will meet the 
new and uncertain conditions under which 
their product must be used. 

Dealers in household equipment as 
well as manufacturers are still uncertain 
as to what constitutes the selling value of 
an article, because it has been impossible 
to predicate the conditions, the care and 
skill with which each device would be used 
after it was marketed. It is comparatively 
easy for designer and factory manager to 
guard against known conditions of use. 
The dishwashing machine for a hotel or 
restaurant service can be built to perform 
with satisfactory efficiency. Its operating 
purposes and costs are known, the skill 
of its operators is more or less established, 
and the materials can be so selected to 
result in a satisfactory life of the machine. 

It is a different story when the manu- 
facturer's product is to be used in 
the typical American home. Household 



equipment of every type must be made 
so that it will prove adaptable to differ- 
ent service conditions, with regard to 
both homes and actual users. An even 
more important consideration is intermit- 
tent use that must be met successfully 
by all home devices. It is the unusual 
home in which washing is done more than 
once or twice a week. The balance of the 
time the machine must stand idle. And 
this is true of practically every other 
type of labor saving device. It repre- 
sents the most difficult of conditions a 
factory product has to face. 

In dealing in the following pages with 
this most important subject it must be 
understood that Good Housekeeping In- 
stitute is offering valuable facts that have 
been established through fifteen years of 
experience in testing household equip- 
ment, and is further utilizing the view- 
point of thousands of consumers and 
dealers who have come for a conference 
with us either in person or by letter. 



Points Often Overlooked 

BY Manufacturers. 

It is not too much to say that in gen- 
eral the manufacturer wants to produce 
the article that the woman wants to buy. 
In many cases the reason he does not ac- 
complish it is due to the fact that he does 
not divide his expenditures wisely. He 
neglects to pay the price for the highest 
grade skill in designing and he markets 
his product too quickly. 

The importance of developing a spe- 
cific design cannot be overestimated. No 
machine on the market, of any type, is 
one hundred per cent perfect and none on 
the market should, therefore, be taken as 
a standard to be met by the new manufac- 
turer. It is a patchwork, only, that is ob- 



[7 

tained by one common method used to 
obtain a newly designed machine. Name- 
ly, the manufacturer purchases every type 
of machine, already marketed to perform 
a given work, and adapts one part from 
one machine, another part from a second 
machine and perhaps still another part 
from a third machine. Such a design 
must always be a compromise, and it is 
seldom possible to obtain the original 
working efficiency of the several parts in 
the new machine because of the neces- 
sary compromises. 

A second point that the manufacturer 
is apt to overlook is the importance of in- 
cluding the most minute of details in his 
general high standard of manufacture. 
For instance, he elects to use copper for 
a water container, but forgets to provide 
that every bolt and rivet and screw, no 
matter how small, shall be of a rust-re- 
sisting metal. The small part capable of 
rusting is as much an eyesore to the pur- 
chaser and in certain conditions can do 
as great damage as though the manufac- 
turer had not spent the major sum to in- 
sure his rust-resisting container. 

And a third point: sometimes a manu- 



8] 

facturer neglects to make certain of a 
perfection of detail in the factory that 
will produce one hundred per cent, of uni- 
formity in his product. Thus vacuum 
cleaner manufacturers, merely by install- 
ing an equipment that would measure for 
them, under actual conditions of service, 
the correct air displacement of the par- 
ticular machine tested, could eliminate 
any possibility of lack of uniformity in 
their product. Further, it would take 
no more time for the inspection than is 
at present accorded to the routine read- 
ing of current consumption. Yet up to 
this time we know of no vacuum cleaner 
factory that has installed this compara- 
tively simple and inexpensive equipment. 
When attempting to market a product 
to women, factory faults are of far great- 
er importance than when marketing a 
product for the use of men. The latter 
understand the difficulties of factory pro- 
duction and accept the occasional defect- 
ive product as a routine. They expect it 
to be credited. They expect prompt cor- 
rection on the part of the manufacturer 
or dealer, and, once adjusted, with them 
the matter usually ends. Not so with the 



[9 
average woman purchaser. First of all, 
and last of all, she remembers that some- 
thing was the matter with the machine 
for which she paid her money. Often- 
times only the most drastic and unusual 
service on the part of the manufacturer 
will take away the sting that was left in 
her mind by the original transaction. In 
club, church, or in confidential chat at 
home, somewhere she leaves the impres- 
sion that there is still something the mat- 
ter or she would not have gotten a poor 
machine. The advertising value, there- 
fore, of a uniformity of product cannot 
be overestimated. No amount of costly 
after-service will compensate for the lack 
of it. 

The Value of Proper Demonstra- 
tion BY THE Dealer. 
A manufacturer sometimes fails to sat- 
isfy the woman consumer because he is 
attempting to satisfy a dealer's demand 
for "flashy" rather than practical selling 
points and, therefore, loses sight of the 
value to him of a perfect functioning of 
his device. Exclusive points of design 
that can be used for a spectacular demon- 
stration have been up to this time per- 



10] 

haps the strongest of selling aids; but 
manufacturers and dealers alike are be- 
ginning to realize that they have an ele- 
ment of danger. Thus, the confetti test 
for vacuum cleaners was an unfortunate 
misuse of the machine. It has never con- 
vinced the woman purchaser that it would 
accomplish the more trying task of re- 
moving "grimed-in" soil, even while it 
fascinated her as a spectator and even 
while she left as a purchaser. She doubt- 
ed her own machine because of the un- 
convincing test. 

It was only a short time ago that in 
one of the trade papers dealing with 
household equipment there appeared an 
editorial endorsement, and an exceeding- 
ly strong one at that, of a certain dealer 
display which had attracted great crowds 
on both sidewalk and street before the 
dealer's window. The crowd had been 
drawn by the display of a number of dif- 
ferent washing machines grouped around 
a central machine which was absorbing 
the "limelight." It had a swinging wring- 
er and the wringer was revolving at so 
rapid a rate it became plain that any 
woman who stepped in the way of that 



[11 

particular type of wringer was doomed to 
a severe blow if not a fall. The idea of 
the dealer in using such a display was of 
the "stop-look-listen" variety, and he ob- 
tained all he could desire of this variety 
of interest. But he had not safeguarded 
the interest of any washing machine in 
his window. For women have a certain 
reluctance toward machinery in motion 
and he failed to reckon with them as 
the purchasers of his washing machines. 
Would she buy one in order to use the 
swinging wringer as an obvious menace 
to herself and to her household? No. 



In selecting an Iron, 
the woman looks for: 

1. A weight of household iron that is around six pounds. 

2. A general design that is easy to handle, of good balance 

and with comfortable large handle grip. 

3. A thin sheet metal hood; weight in hood decreases iron- 

ing efficiency. 

4. A correct relation between the weight of the storage heat 

mass above the heating element, and the weight of 
the sole plate beneath the heating element. Upon 
this relation depends good ironing results. 
(// healing element should be inset in sole plate with 
one-fourth inch margin, a direct heat connection between 
the two masses of metal could be secured at a consequent 
reduction of heat loss.) 

5. Cord connections to slip in and out easily. 

6. Switch in plug connection or on cord. 

7. Plug connection so heat insulated as to prevent conduc- 

tion of heat, and overheating of cord at connections. 



12] 

Undoubtedly if there was a prospective 
woman purchaser in that group in front 
of the window she left to become one of 
the hundreds of women who still are ask- 
ing themselves the question "is a wash- 
ing machine safe?" 

It is not difficult to see how quickly 
this particular kind of demonstration be- 
comes a boomerang to the manufacturer. 
It is as true of every type of spectacular 
appeal. The time has surely come to dis- 
continue all such practices and to sell ap- 
pliances: because they will do the work 
more quickly, more easily, or more cheap- 
ly, because they are so built that they 
will prove durable, and therefore, a satis- 
factory investment; and finally, because 
they are the only logical solution of com- 
fortable, well-ordered present day family 
life. 

What the Purchaser Looks For 
It has been amply proved that women 
are not especially interested in fine points 
of design unless that interest is implanted 
by competitive statements of the sales- 
men. They are not especially interested 
in form or color or detail, but they are 
supremely interested in dealer assurance 



[13 

that the machine is solidly built; that it 
will accomplish the work; and that its 
purchase will save them money, time or 
labor, perhaps all three. Let the appli- 
ance itself impress them with the strength 
of the materials used, the cleanness of its 
design and the perfection of work per- 
formed, and the sale is made. 
Cost is Considered 

The question of cost considered only 
from the woman's standpoint of expendi- 
ture is more difficult to discuss. In the 
case of small equipment priced under or 
around five dollars it is easy to make 
large sales upon the time or labor-saving 
qualities the devices may have. But re- 
peat sales are affected by the quality of 
construction and materials used. 

In all higher priced equipment the 
question of strength and quality seems 
uppermost in her mind, but a difference 
in price between two makes or two mod- 
els of same manufacture, often results in 
the sale of the higher priced, because she 
has enjoyed the opportunity of discrimi- 
nation. 

There seems to be no question that the 
woman purchaser is willing to pay any 



14] 



In selecting a Vacuum Cleaner, 
the woman looks for: 

1. A design that will prove efficient at low upkeep cost over 

a period of time. 

2. If motor driven brush type*, there must be correct 

relation between air suction power and brush sweep- 
ing action. 

3. As light a construction as is consistent with quality. 

4. If air type, a narrow floor nozzle so designed as to clean 

by small amount of air at high velocity. 

5. If air and brush (geared to wheels) type, a broader 

nozzle with inset brush is permissible provided care 
is exercised in design to prevent air leakage. This 
type cleans by a larger volume of air with corre- 
spondingly lower velocity. 

6. Durable construction, either aluminum or steel casings, 

an assembly that secures tight joints and seams that 
won't leak air. 

7. Easy operation — weight of appliance not so important 

if weight is easily handled. 

8. Convenient switch; handle designed long enough for 

comfortable operation at woman's height. 

9. Bag, double seamed; strong, tight connections; easily 

emptied; durable material, preferably of cotton 
flannel type. 

10. Winding posts for cord to be strong and conveniently 

placed. 

11. Convenience in connecting attachments. 

12. Elimination of noise, in so far as this is possible. 

• Her selection may include either motor driven brush type ur air 
type machine, since properly designed, either will care for ail kinds of 
soil, inctudins thread and lint. 



[15 

added sum required to make construction 
better or convenience greater — always pro- 
vided that the salesman convinces her 
she is obtaining the quality she is paying 
for. 

Instead, then, of attempting merely to 
learn the dealer's demand for selling 
points, put part of your effort into learn- 
ing the demands of the user of the ma- 
chine. Consumer suggestion or demands 
are apt to come only after a period of 
use. Obvious ones are sometimes report- 
ed by the dealer, but very often they 
never come to the manufacturer through 
the reports of the trade in time to be of 
service. It took a period of years for the 
dealer to realize the importance of en- 
closed moving parts. It finally came to 
him through the reaction developed by 
women using the machines. In the same 
way the manufacture and marketing of 
both gas and electric ranges, which has 
been uniformly efficient, has overlooked 
one very important detail. The broiler 
grids are often so placed that the steak is 
an inch and a half away from the flame 
instead of one-half inch. With such a 
broiler, perfect broiling is impossible. 
Again a kitchen cabinet may be made of 



16] 

high grade materials but the hardware 
proves too light to stand the constant 
closing and opening. Such a kitchen cab- 
inet is handicapped in any neighborhood 
because constant use makes the minor 
annoyance a cumulative one, which reacts 
directly upon the manufacturer's product. 
The vacuum cleaner that is easily sold 
on the dealer's floor because it looks big 
and imposing oftentimes discloses its poor 
efiiciency only after from four to six 
months of use. This is due to the fact 
that from time immemorial women have 
ordained a period devoted to houseclean- 
ing twice a year. And it is at this crucial 
time that they discover if the routine care 
of rugs and carpets by their vacuum 
cleaner has accomplished a work satisfac- 
tory to them. This conclusion is well 
borne out by a conversation we had with 
a large dealer in vacuum cleaners from 
the west coast. He freely told us of 
handling two vacuum cleaners, one a com- 
paratively inexpensive and absolutely in- 
efficient machine (as we had proved by 
test), the other a more expensive and a 
thoroughly efficient machine. He claimed 
that the first proved only a feeder for the 



[17 

second, since when the woman, after a 
longer or shorter period of use, realized 
that the first machine would not do the 
work, she returned to buy the more ex- 
pensive and better machine. And the 
average time was six months! Now this 
dealer could have selected a machine no 
higher in price than his less expensive 
model which would have done good work 
and thoroughly satisfied the user. We 
leave you to draw your own conclusions 

In selecting a Washing Machine, 
the woman looks for: 

1. Compact, trim appearance with all machine parts 

covered. 

2. Plain outlines. 

3. Swinging wringer with safety release. 

4. Pump attached to machine to rapidly drain off water 

when drain connection is not practical. 

5. Metal tub exterior painted (easy to keep clean). 

6. A waterproof finish on a wood tub. 

7. Switch control of motor, clutch control of tub and 

wringer. 

8. Height that will obviate stooping. 

9. Design to insure efficiency. 

10. Motor and switch insulation. 

11. Materials and workmanship that insure durability. 

12. A water outlet that allows rapid running off of water. 

13. Threaded outlet to allow for connection, 

14. All handles and levers to be easy to grasp and to turn 

by wet hands. 

15. Tub body slightly off the level to allow for draining. 



18] 

as to the fate of the manufacturer's prod- 
uct in the first place, and the dealer's 
selling methods in the second place. 

It is easy to sell a refrigerator that has 
a sightly appearance, that is equipped 
with a sanitary seamless lining and that 
is marked with a price that spells to the 
woman good workmanship. But it is only 
actual use in storing food that develops 
the fact that the insulation is of sufficient 
quantity and is assembled with high 
grade construction, or that cheap mate- 
rial and workmanship have been substi- 
tuted. The service that can be obtained 
from the appliance after it is marketed 
is of the utmost importance for the manu- 
facturer to learn. // is peculiarly impos- 
sible to sell and '''J or get" any product sold 
to women. 

The Woman's Viewpoint on Mate- 
rials Used in Construction. 
Undoubtedly a phase of manufacturing 
that acutely interests the average manu- 
facturer deals with the selection of the 
materials that are to be used in the con- 
struction of his product. Too often the 
person who selects these materials fails 
to take into account the fact that women 



[19 

are almost fanatically intolerant of two 
things, rust and discoloration. It may 
be but one bolt that can rust, but women 
under our observation have utterly con- 
demned a washing machine for which they 
paid from ^125 to $165 because of this 
one bolt alone. We have heard them fur- 
ther condemn a machine because of the 
difficulty of keeping it polished. 

It is not purpose, we are convinced, but 
it must be carelessness on the part of that 
manufacturer who allows the use of a 
rusting screw here or a bolt there when 
the rest of the equipment is safeguarded 
against such conditions. In one specific 
instance a single part of a machine intend- 
ed to be used in connection with water 
was made up of five different metals. 
Each one of these metals had its own dif- 
ferent reaction towards hard water in the 
presence of soap. That this manufac- 
turer had intended no slight toward his 
product was indicated by the fact that 
the largest section of this part was con- 
structed of the most expensive material. 
He probably fully believed that he had 
made that particular part of rustproof 
material but it was the selection of de- 



20] 

fective small parts that offset any advan- 
tage due to his use of fine materials for 
the major part of the machine. 

The Relation of Sectional Selling 
TO Materials Used. 
Because a great deal of household 
equipment that is of interest to women 
must be used as a water container, the 
effect of water of varying degrees of hard- 
ness upon the several metals is of inter- 
est. Most metals have some electrolytic 
action. There are throughout the coun- 
try water supplies of every known degree 
of hardness. There are water supplies 
whose hardness can be corrected and 
there are supplies of the type known as 

In selecting a Refrigerator, 
the woman looks for: 

1. Seamless lining. 

2. Compartment beneath ice high enough to hold quart 

milk bottles. 

3. Generous insulation. 

4. A selection of wood and treatment of it that will pre- 

vent warping. 

5. Heavy hardware. 

6. Positive-closing, lever locks. 

7. Plain unpanelled trim — high leg base. 

8. Dull, rather than highly finished wood. 

9. Easily accessible drain. 
10. Adjustable shelves. 



[21 

"permanent" hardness. In actual prac- 
tice the salts in these hard waters react 
with soap of any variety to form a sticky 
gray precipitate. This precipitate is in- 
creased in quantity in direct proportion 
to the activity of the metal. Therefore, 
the material selected for the tub and cyl- 
inder of a washing machine, for the con- 
tainer of the dishwashing machine, or for 
the tea kettle that demands constant con- 
tact with water should be given the care- 
ful attention that its importance demands. 

A universal metal that can withstand 
any and all attacks of these several waters 
is difficult if not impossible to locate. In 
our judgment there is no perfect metal. 
Copper comes the nearest to it and yet 
copper must be tinned, and there is some 
slight consumer reaction against its use, 
in large containers, because they claim 
copper must be scoured in order to be 
sightly. However, enamel paint on the 
outside of such a container, leaving only 
a fair sized name-plate to be burnished, 
would overcome this objection. 

Galvanized iron, zinc, nickel, all have 
a disadvantage of inducing electrolytic 
action (producing whitish precipitate) 



22] 

and that should be taken into account 
in your selection of metals. In sections 
save those in which waters are of the 
"permanent hard" variety, this disad- 
vantage can be overcome by including 
directions that the machine should not 
be scoured. Flush with rinsing water 
only. With such care, the whitish de- 
posit acts as a film over the metal, and, 
once the latter is completely covered, re- 
duces the precipitation. But in the 
presence of extremely hard waters, the 
quantity is so great that the precipitate 
shows a tendency to deposit on the linen 
itself, instead of being thrown solely 
to the sides of tub, cylinder, or suction 
cup. Once this does get on the fabric, 
it has all the sticky characteristics of 
chewing gum. 

Bronze or brass rather than steel or 
iron should be used for any bearings that 
come in contact with water. Only thus 
can you fully safeguard against rust. 

Little Things That Often Prove 
Great. 

Safety demands that every equipment 
involving an electric motor be so fully in- 
sulated from the machine frame by water- 



[23 

proof fittings and insulated shaft coup- 
lings, etc., that a maximum of safety can 
be assured. It is indeed remarkable that 
this is not more often cared for in the 
original design. In one short period, at 
least three machines were forced into the 
disapproval group in the Department of 
Household Engineering of Good House- 
keeping Institute with such lack of in- 
sulation as one of the causes. 

It is thus clear that consumer needs, 
in this great classification of merchandise 
(household appliances) as reflected by- 
consumer attitude are often ill-defined 
and extremely difficult for the manufac- 
turer to interpret. Therefore, as a recog- 
nition of this condition, the basic purpose 
running throughout all of the testing 
work at Good Housekeeping Institute is 
to test every device so as to duplicate the 
conditions under which the device will be 
used by the ultimate consumer, be she 
intelligent or unintelligent. It has further- 
more been the Institute's special province 
to express to each manufacturer the trend 
of consumer demand as seen, not only 
through the Institute's use of appliances, 
but through the thousands of consumers 



24] 

who report their experiences. 

It is an interesting and surprising fact 
that mechanical tests develop data which 
often interpret the results obtained under 
practical usage of the equipment, and the 
results obtained under the practical usage 
quite as often define the value of the 
mechanical data. Any effort a manu- 
facturer may make to develop these two 
angles of testing will more than offset 
any money cost that may be added to the 
factory overhead. Complete testing of 
this character will also save ultimate con- 
sumer reactions against the completed 
manufactured product. It is not enough, 
as so many manufacturers have done, to 
place the appliance in a variety of homes 
and take the consequent "say-so." It 
must be remembered that it is only 
possible to compare an appliance when 
you have something to compare it with, 
and that something must be an appliance 
designed to do similar work. How many 
instances are there where manufacturers 
allow their products to go out without 
comparative information of this kind, 
just because such information is so ex- 
tremely difficult to get ? 



[25 

To all interested in or concerned with 
this great industry, there is one thing to 
be remembered above all else — study and 
test not only the mechanical construction 
and perfection of your product but know 
from every conceivable angle what the 
user or consumer is going to demand of it. 
If this be done, and done thoroughly, 
and exhaustively, you will build the ap- 
pliance of the best materials obtainable, 
because it must wear well; of the most 
efficient design, because it must operate 
smoothly; and you cannot fail to so 
build it that it will do its work completely 
and well because you will have the 
measure of these values within the ex- 
perience of your own investigation. 

The results of this care in manufacture 
will promptly be reflected when market- 
ing your product in at least three ways, — 
first, increase of sales and repeat sales; 
second, a lowered overhead cost for 
servicing, repairing, and replacing de- 
fective machines, and third, a fairer and 
lower price to the consumer because it is 
based on the cost of her machine only 
since she is not burdened with a share of 
her neighbor's repairs in your "overhead.*' 



26] 

There is perhaps no household device 
operated by electricity that is more 
complicated in its oiling system than the 
old-fashioned sewing machine and yet 
the manufacturer managed to train the 
housewife to ninety per cent, efficiency in 
caring for the machine. Therefore, well de- 
fined and specified places for oiling should 
be provided for, and decalcomaniac or 
otherwise permanent directions placed on 
all enclosed gearings, in order that the 
user may continually have before her the 
correct places marked for oiling. It is 
not enough to supply a circular of direc- 
tions: she loses it promptly as has been 
proved over and over again. All im- 
portant service directions, must be per- 
manent. 

Some Needs of the Present and the 
Future. 
It is largely because there has not been 
a consumer demand that was well de- 
fined that we find few equipments de- 
signed with attention to the proper 
working heights. Moreover, we are con- 
vinced that it is a decidedly difficult 
question to settle. However, it is possi- 
ble to group most exertions that women 



[27 

must practice into two classes: those that 
involve upper arm muscles, as work at a 
sink, range, washtub, or washing ma- 
chine, etc., and secondly, exertions that 
involve the muscles of the forearm, as the 
mixing, stirring, and beating involved 
in cookery processes. 

In the first case any variations in a 
woman's height makes comparatively 
little difference. A range of heights from 
five feet to six feet would be served 
equally well by a similar height of equip- 
ment. This makes it possible to lay 
down the rule that sinks should be de- 
signed and plumbers should provide for 
piping them at a height of thirty-five 
inches from the bottom of the sink to the 
floor. Ranges should be thirty-four inches 
in height to the working top, and both 
washing machines and tubs should be 
thirty-eight inches to their rims. This 
enables all work to be done with straight 
unstrained back. 

Where the forearm muscle is involved, 
however, it becomes a far more delicate 
question. The distance between work- 
table top and elbow must be the control 
on designing. For that reason it is not 



28] 

possible to establish a constant and ideal 
height for kitchen cabinets and working 
table surfaces, although in general most 
of these have been from one to two 
inches too low. "Adjustable in height" 
seems to be the only answer to this phase 
of the problem. Some one, sometime, 
will undoubtedly design a well made 
table (we have already seen one of poor 
construction) that will have strong, as 
well as adjustable leg support. Some 
one, sometime, will build a good re- 
frigerator (as we have seen a poor one) 
constructed with the sanitary, high leg- 
base of the present day office desk. It 
will obviate stooping and it will enable 
one to get the refrigerator pan without 
groping provided there can be no drain. 
It will further allow for a refrigerator pan 
large enough to prevent the common 
accident of overflowing. Again, some- 
time, we believe the manufacturer of 
kitchen cabinets will see a picture of 
kitchens built with four, straight, clean 
walls and completely equipped with the 
pantry on one wall, consisting of kitchen 
cabinet and side units for storage cabi- 
nets, each one of these side cabinets to be 



[29 
only fourteen inches deep. 

The time will come — it is almost here — 
when the demand from women for the 
high sink we have already indicated is 
going to be strong enough so that the 
plumber's standards for cutting pipe will 
be changed to meet her demand. It is 
difficult to realize, but it is nevertheless 
true, that every woman who wishes a 
properly placed sink in her kitchen or 
pantry has to overcome the inertia of the 
plumber not only because of his conserv- 
ative unwillingness to do this unusual 
task, but because he is put to the extra ex- 
pense and trouble of getting ''specials" 
in pipe length, due to the tact that the 
plumbing trade, as yet, has not recognized 
an at least partially developed con- 
sumer demand. 



M' 



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